Publication ethics

Global Confluence Reviews follows principles aligned with the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). We expect integrity from authors, reviewers, and editors at every stage of publication.

Authorship

Authorship should reflect substantial contribution to conception, design, analysis, or drafting, and approval of the final version. Gift or ghost authorship is not acceptable. All listed authors must meet these criteria; contributors who do not qualify for authorship may be acknowledged separately.

Originality and plagiarism

Submissions must be original and not under consideration elsewhere. Text, data, or figures taken from other sources require clear attribution and, where applicable, permission. Duplication of one's own prior work without transparent cross-reference may constitute misconduct and can lead to rejection or retraction.

Conflicts of interest

Authors must disclose financial, personal, or institutional relationships that could influence the work. Reviewers and editors must decline or disclose conflicts that could bias their judgment. Undisclosed conflicts undermine trust in the record.

Data and reproducibility

Where research involves data, authors should provide sufficient detail for verification where ethical and legal constraints allow. Fabrication or falsification of data is grounds for rejection and may be reported to institutions.

Corrections and retractions

Honest errors may be corrected through an erratum or corrigendum. Serious misconduct or unreliability may require retraction with a public notice. We cooperate with institutions and COPE guidance when investigating concerns.

Report ethics concerns to editor@example.com.